What is a Ribosome?

A ribosome is a small, complex molecular machine that is found in all cells. It is responsible for translating the genetic code contained in our DNA into proteins, which are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of our cells. Ribosomes are made up of two subunits, a large subunit and a small subunit, which come together during the process of protein synthesis. The large subunit contains the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that carries the genetic code, while the small subunit is composed of proteins that bind and interact with the rRNA. When a ribosome is actively engaged in protein synthesis, it moves along a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which carries the instructions for making a specific protein. The ribosome reads the genetic code on the mRNA and adds amino acids to the growing protein chain, one at a time, according to the code. Ribosomes can be found in different locations within a cell, depending on the type of cell and the specific function of the ribosome. Some ribosomes are found floating freely in the cytoplasm, while others are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, a network of flattened tubes and sacs that is involved in the synthesis, folding, and transport of proteins. Ribosomes are essential for the function of all cells, and defects in ribosome structure and function can lead to a variety of diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of ribosomes is critical for the development of new treatments and therapies for these diseases.