OCR A-level Computer Science: Legal, Moral, and Ethical Issues in Technology

OCR A-Level Computer Science: Legal, Moral, and Ethical Issues in Technology

This tutorial explores the complex interplay between technology and society, focusing on the legal, moral, and ethical issues that arise. We'll delve into key legislation, ethical considerations in emerging technologies like AI, and the broader social responsibilities of computing professionals.

1. Legal Framework

a) Data Protection Act (DPA)

The DPA governs the processing of personal data, aiming to protect individual privacy. Key aspects include:

• Data Subject Rights: Individuals have the right to access, rectify, and erase their personal data.
• Data Minimisation: Only essential data should be collected and processed.
• Legitimate Purpose: Data processing must have a clear and lawful purpose.

b) Copyright Act

This act protects the rights of creators over their original works, including software, music, and literature.

• Copyright Infringement: Unauthorized copying, distribution, or performance of copyrighted material is illegal.
• Fair Use: Certain exceptions exist for educational, research, and criticism purposes.

c) Computer Misuse Act

This act criminalises unauthorized access to computer systems and networks.

• Hacking: Unauthorized access to computer systems, including data theft and modification.
• Denial-of-Service Attacks: Intentionally disrupting the operation of computer systems or networks.

2. Ethical Considerations

a) Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI raises ethical dilemmas concerning:

• Bias: AI algorithms can perpetuate existing biases, leading to unfair outcomes.
• Transparency: Understanding how AI decisions are made is crucial for accountability and trust.
• Job Displacement: The potential for AI to automate tasks and displace jobs needs careful consideration.

b) Privacy

Technology can be used to intrude on individuals' privacy:

• Surveillance: Data collection by governments and corporations raises concerns about mass monitoring.
• Data Breaches: Sensitive personal information can be stolen or leaked, resulting in identity theft and financial losses.
• Online Tracking: Websites and apps track user behavior, raising concerns about targeted advertising and profiling.

c) Data Security

Ensuring data security is paramount to protect individuals and organizations:

• Cybersecurity: Implementing security measures to prevent unauthorized access and data breaches.
• Data Encryption: Encrypting data to prevent unauthorized access even if intercepted.
• Data Backup and Recovery: Having backup copies of data to restore in case of disaster or loss.

3. Social Responsibilities

Computing professionals have a responsibility to consider the societal impact of their work:

• Digital Inclusivity: Ensuring technology is accessible and inclusive for all members of society, regardless of background or ability.
• Environmental Sustainability: Minimizing the environmental impact of technology through energy efficiency and sustainable practices.
• Ethical Decision-Making: Applying ethical principles to all aspects of technology development and implementation.

4. Conclusion

Technology has a profound impact on society, raising legal, moral, and ethical questions. It is essential for computing professionals to understand these issues and act responsibly in developing and using technology for the benefit of all.

Further Exploration:

• Ethical Hacking: Understanding the principles and practices of ethical hacking for security testing and vulnerability assessment.
• Data Privacy Laws: Explore specific data privacy laws in different countries, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the EU.
• AI Ethics: Research ethical guidelines and frameworks for developing and deploying AI responsibly.