OCR GCSE Geography B: Dynamic Development Tutorial

Welcome to this tutorial on OCR GCSE Geography B: Dynamic Development. This topic explores how development varies across the world and the factors influencing it. By the end of this tutorial, you will understand key concepts, theories, and strategies related to development.

1. Development Dimensions and Indicators

Development is measured across three main dimensions: economic, social, and environmental. Each dimension has specific indicators that help assess a country's level of development.

Key Indicators:

1. GDP (Gross Domestic Product): Total value of goods and services produced within a country.
2. GNI (Gross National Income): Total income earned by a country's citizens, including from abroad.
3. HDI (Human Development Index): Combines life expectancy, education, and income to assess well-being.
4. Literacy Rate: Percentage of the population that can read and write.
5. IMR (Infant Mortality Rate): Number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1,000 live births.

2. Rostow’s Stages of Development

Walt Rostow proposed five stages of economic development that countries go through:

1. Traditional Society: Reliant on agriculture and local traditions.
2. Preconditions for Take-off: Development of infrastructure and industries.
3. Take-off: Rapid industrialization and economic growth.
4. Drive to Maturity: Diversification of industries and higher living standards.
5. High Mass Consumption: Focus on consumer goods and services.

Classification of Countries: - AC (Advanced Countries): High-income countries like the UK and USA. - EDC (Economically Developing Countries): Countries like Brazil and South Africa. - LIDC (Least Industrialised Countries): Countries like Nepal and Malawi.

3. Causes of Uneven Development

Development is uneven due to various factors:

1. Resources: Availability of natural resources can hinder or boost development.
2. Climate: Harsh climates can limit agricultural productivity and infrastructure development.
3. Politics: Stable governments promote development, while conflict hinders it.
4. Trade: Global trade patterns often favor ACs over LIDCs.
5. Health and Education: Poor healthcare and low education levels slow development.

4. Strategies for Reducing Uneven Development

Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Approaches

• Top-Down: Government-led strategies, e.g., building infrastructure.
• Bottom-Up: Community-led initiatives, e.g., fair trade projects.

Types of Aid

1. Emergency Aid: Short-term relief for disasters.
2. Development Aid: Long-term projects for infrastructure and education.
3. Tied Aid: Aid tied to buying goods and services from the donor country.

Fair Trade and Debt Relief

• Fair Trade: Ensures fair prices for producers in LIDCs.
• Debt Relief: Forgiving debts owed by LIDCs to reduce poverty.

Case Study: Zambia and Copper

• Zambia relied on copper exports but faced economic instability due to fluctuating global copper prices.
• Diversification of the economy and investment in education were key strategies for sustainable development.

5. Conclusion

Dynamic Development highlights the complexities of global inequality. Understanding Rostow’s stages, development indicators, and strategies for reducing uneven development will help you analyze real-world examples and propose solutions.

End of Tutorial