Eduqas GCSE Film Studies: Film Narrative Tutorial

Film narrative is a fundamental aspect of Film Studies, focusing on how stories are constructed and presented in films. This tutorial will guide you through the key concepts and theories related to film narrative, including structural levels, narrative models, narrative devices, and genre conventions.

1. Structural Levels of Narrative

Film narratives can be analyzed through five structural levels:

a. Story (Fabula)

• The story refers to all the events that occur in the narrative world, including those not directly shown on screen.
• It is the comprehensive sequence of events, characters, and settings that make up the entire narrative.

b. Plot (Syuzhet)

• The plot is the actual arrangement of events selected and presented by the filmmaker.
• It is the version of the story that the audience sees, shaped by techniques like editing and narration.

c. Diegesis

• The diegesis refers to the fictional world of the film, including its characters, settings, and rules.
• It is the universe in which the story takes place, whether realistic or fantastical.

d. Narration

• Narration focuses on how the story is told to the audience.
• It includes techniques like voiceover, point of view, and the use of visual or auditory elements to convey the story.

e. Audience

• The audience plays a crucial role in interpreting the narrative.
• Their expectations, experiences, and cultural background influence how they engage with and understand the story.

2. Narrative Models

Narrative models are theoretical frameworks used to analyze how stories are structured. Three key models are:

a. Todorov’s Equilibrium Model

• This model proposes that most narratives follow a pattern:
• Equilibrium: A stable situation.
• Disruption: An event disrupts the equilibrium.
• Recognition: Characters recognize the disruption.
• Attempt to repair: Efforts are made to restore balance.
• New equilibrium: The story reaches a resolution, either restoring the original order or creating a new one.

b. Propp’s Character Functions

• Vladimir Propp identified seven character functions in traditional folktales that are also applicable to film narratives:
• Hero
• Villain
• Donor (provides assistance)
• Helper
• Princess (goal or reward)
• Dispatcher (initiates the hero’s journey)
• False Hero

c. Levi-Strauss’s Binary Oppositions

• Claude Levi-Strauss suggested that narratives are structured around binary oppositions (e.g., good vs. evil, nature vs. culture).
• These oppositions create conflict and drive the story forward.

3. Narrative Devices

Filmmakers use a variety of techniques to shape the narrative and engage the audience. Key devices include:

a. Flashbacks/Flashforwards

• These are scenes that depart from the present time of the narrative.
• Flashbacks show events that occurred before the current story.
• Flashforwards preview events that will occur later.
• Example: The Godfather Part II (1974) uses flashbacks to explore Vito Corleone’s backstory.

b. Parallel Editing

• This technique intercuts between two or more sequences to show simultaneous events.
• It builds suspense and highlights connections between characters or actions.
• Example: The Dark Knight (2008) uses parallel editing to show Batman and the Joker’s simultaneous plans.

c. Ellipsis

• An ellipsis is a gap in the narrative where time is compressed or omitted.
• It is often achieved through editing techniques like fades, dissolves, or cuts.
• Example: A character is shown boarding a plane, and the next scene shows them arriving at their destination.

4. Genre Conventions

Genre refers to categories of films based on similar themes, styles, or subject matter. Understanding genre conventions is crucial for analyzing film narratives.

a. Expectations

• Audiences bring certain expectations to a genre film, such as specific plot structures or character types.
• For example, in a horror film, viewers expect suspense, scares, and a resolution.

b. Iconography

• Iconography refers to the visual and symbolic elements associated with a genre.
• For example, horror films often use dark settings, creepy houses, and supernatural imagery.

c. Formulaic vs Subversion

• Many genre films follow a formulaic structure, adhering to audience expectations.
• However, some films subvert these expectations to create fresh narratives.
• Example: The Cabin in the Woods (2012) subverts horror tropes by self-consciously addressing genre conventions.

By understanding these elements of film narrative, you’ll be equipped to analyze and interpret films at a deeper level. Whether it’s breaking down structural layers, applying narrative models, or identifying genre conventions, these tools will enhance your critical thinking skills in Film Studies.